Privacy In The Information Age :: essays research papers

The world is changing rapidly. There used to be a meter when we could be confident that no one could learn too much more or less our personal lives. There used to be a time when information was merely a way of keeping records. That time is gone and with it went a large amount of what we might call our personal privacy. Information about our personal lives has now become one of the most valued resources on the market today. The explosion of the computer and communications industries has created a system that can computer storage vast amounts of data on an individual and transmit that information almost anywhere in a negligible amount of time. More and more lot are gaining access to this information and the government has been too slow to react to the changes. As a result, employers, indemnity agencies, law enforcement officers, and researchers are all lobbying for legislation that would pee-pee clear rules for the access to this information. Each of these groups stand to gain e normous benefits from legitimizing access to a broad base of personal information. This information will be organized into vast databases that will be maintained by the government, credit report agencies, the health care industry, and employers. The system will come to contain information on virtually every aspect of our lives, the data will be quickly and efficiently transferred around the globe via the arising Global Information Infrastructure, and paper records sitting in file cabinets will become a thing of the past. However, considering current trends, what may be missed the most from the old system are the locks on those old, corrode file cabinets. This new system allows for a lot of access to previously confidential files and we are already seeing the negative effects that this system has produced. For example, employers and insurance companies have begun to discriminate against individuals based on samplings of a persons or fetuss DNA. As genetic testing and the human genom e purge advance, there will be an even greater opportunity for discrimination based on characteristics or conditions that may, or may not, arise in an individuals future. To depict a background to the discussion, this report will establish who has access to what information today.

General Ulysses S. Grant :: essays research papers

Not long after fighting had begun in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant went back into battle and enlisted in the army. Grant was a majuscule military leader. He combined tactics that were taught to him at West Point with his own knowledge and with what he picked up on from the Mexican War, where he was under the command of Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott.Grant proved his leadership and strategy when he captured Fort Donelson in Tennessee. This was the first major victory for the Federal. This was where Grant said a historied line when the confederate general Simon B. Buckner requested an armistice. General Grants answer to this was Yours of this date proposing Armistice, and appointment of Commissioners, to settle terms of Capitulation is just received. No terms except an autocratic and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works. This is where he gets his nickname Unconditional discontinue Grant. And as a result of this victory, Grant is promoted to Major General.Another important victory for Grant was his victory at Vicksburg. This battle was the deciding factor for the Union taking control of the Mississippi River, which would cut the Confederacy in half. Grant had succeeded in starving out the Confederates in order to capture the city. Grant demanded unconditional surrender from the Confederate commander, Simon Bolivar Buckner. This along with the victory at Gettysburg marks the turning point of the war.Not to long after this, Grant is promoted to Lieutenant General, giving him bed power over all armies. This is when Grant launches his new campaign of Total war, where he is not only at war with the Confederate soldiers, but excessively with civilians who are helping out the Confederates. He sends General Sherman on his famous march to the sea, where Sherman and his troops burn everything in their path.While this was going on, Grant was attack Lees army, just battle after battle, because Lee had no reserves to r eplace men who have died, but the Union had many civilians in their reserve.

Essay --

Throughout poetry, drama, and fiction, there exist themes and symbols that give readers a dose of reality and human experience. People read literature and end up learning new facts about themselves that they never knew before. This usually happens when the reader is reading literature that they can relate to. An example of this is coming of advance stories. When adolescents read these stories, they realize that they share the feelings of the characters and have even had similar experiences. In these stories, the main character is trying to figure out who they are in the look of other people. But what they do not cope is that they must discover their own identity before other people decide who they are. Two stories that contrive use of this theme are Araby by James Joyce and A & P by John Updike. twain of these stories feature characters that are coming to terms with their fantasies and realities, and this relates to readers because it deals with the base of people wanting wha t they cannot have. In A & P, the narrator, Sammy, observes three young girls, dressed only in bathing suits, who enter the supermarket in which he works. Sammy notices these girls immediately and takes cross out of every detail of their being. He especially pays attention to the leader of the girls, whom he calls Queenie (Updike 33). Queenie and her friends enter the supermarket believing they are decent (Updike 35). Every customer in the strain watches them, and they enjoy the attention they are receiving. The act of entering the store in only bathing suits shows that the girls are both confident and innocent. They do not know that they are dressed inappropriately, and they are clearly comfortable enough with themselves to walk in wearing bikinis. ... ... Queenie was innocent of the fact that she was dressed inappropriately. She entered the store in a bikini because she was confident of herself, not because she was rebelling against the rules of the store. Sammys thoughts of Qu eenie were merely an illusion. The narrator from Araby is different. He does not have a specific vision for his life, but rather a desire for change. His life in Dublin lacks in excitement, and compensates for this by obsessing over Mangans sister. He desires fulfillment and satisfaction from change even though he is uncertain of what change will bring. He thinks change will bring adventure and exhilaration, but he learns at the bazaar that it is nothing more than accents and vases. Both of these stories can relate to readers because they both deal with the idea of wanting what we cannot have. Fantasy is very different from reality.

Stars :: essays research papers

STARSThe magnitude scale was invented by an ancient Greek astronomer named Hipparchus in rough 150 BC He ranked the stars he could see in terms of their spark, with 1 representing the brightest down to 6 representing the faintest. Modern astronomy has extended this carcass to stars brighter than Hipparchus 1st magnitude stars and ones much, much fainter than 6. As it turns out, the eye senses brightness logarithmically, so each increase in 5 magnitudes corresponds to a decrease in brightness by a factor 100. The absolute magnitude is the magnitude the stars would have if viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs or some 32.6 light years. Obviously, Deneb is intrinsically real bright to make this list from its greater distance. Rigel, of nearly the same absolute magnitude, but closer, stands even higher in the list. Note that most of these distances be really nearby, on a cosmic scale, and that they are generally uncertain by at least 20%. All stars are variable to some effect those which are visibly variable are marked with a "v". What are apparent and absolute magnitudes? Apparent is how bright the appear to us in the sky. The scale is somewhat arbitrary, as explained above, but a magnitude difference of 5 has been set to exactly a factor of 100 in intensity. commanding magnitudes are how bright a star would appear from some standard distance, arbitrarily set as 10 parsecs or about 32.6 light years. Stars backside be as bright as absolute magnitude -8 and as faint as absolute magnitude +16 or fainter. There are thus (a very few) stars more than 100 times brighter than Sirius, while hardly any are known fainter than Wolf 356.Star, large celestial body dispassionate of gravitationally contained hot gases emitting electromagnetic radiation, especially light, as a result of nuclear reactions inside the star. The sun is a star. With the sole exception of the sun, the stars appear to be fixed, maintaining the same pattern in the skies year after year. In fact the stars are in rapid motion, but their distances are so great that their proportional changes in position become apparent only over the centuries.The number of stars visible to the naked eye from earth has been estimated to total 8000, of which 4000 are visible from the northerly hemisphere and 4000 from the southern hemisphere. At any one time in either hemisphere, only about 2000 stars are visible.

Marketing Strategies for Businesses Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

Marketing Strategies for BusinessesIntroductionSamuel Whitbread established Whitbread plc in 1742, originally as abeer producing company. Since then, Whitbread has moved from specialtyto strength incorporating wider varieties of businesses under its wingwith each growth. Today, Whitbread owns and operates some of the mostpopular business in restaurants, hotels and leisure and health.Beef dischargeer VisionTo make Beefeater the first quality as a great place to eat anddrink.The Lydiard Travel Inn, Beefeater restaurant, Pub and Touchbase issituated just off junction 16 of the M4, beside the HiltonInternational. It has a cl seater Beefeater restaurant, which is openall day from breakfast for overnight guests until evening dinner.For Beefeater to function efficiently and effectively the marketingteam must analyse past performance and present trends, and attempt topredict the future in the form of marketing plan. There are a numberof planning techniques and processes which beat been u sedsuccessfully, they are SWOT analysis Marketing mix Boston matrix Ansoff strategy PEST analysisObjectives To comply with the task that has been set by the Beefeater manager. This is to identify the following objectives and present fresh new ideas for the business. This task will try to solve her problem of relatively low growth and acclivity sales to increase revenue. To identify the external forces influencing the competitive environment of the U.K. hospitality market. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Lydiard Beefeater through an internal audit. To identify the political, economic social and proficient influences on the Lydiard, Swindon.... ... of 35-44 yr olds, and 4% of 45+ yr olds agreed.6% were currently a meat eater but would like to become a vegetarian.25% thought that is not safe and healthy, rising to 34% in 15-24 yr olds.36% of non-vegetarians would consider becoming a vegetarian if they felt animal res publica was cruel.82% felt that in th e future there will be more vegetarians.75% felt that in the future people will eat less meat.80% claimed to prefer to buy food that is cruelty free and good for the environmentThese statistics clearly show that there needs to be a provision forvegetarian customers. The data however would need to be compared tomore recent data to check validity and to identify any trends in thedata such as cruelty to animals.BibliographyCustomer questionnaireAdvanced businesswww.Beefeater.co.ukwww.ask.com

Marketing Strategies for Businesses Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

Marketing Strategies for BusinessesIntroductionSamuel Whitbread established Whitbread plc in 1742, originally as abeer producing company. Since then, Whitbread has moved from strengthto strength incorporating wider varieties of businesses low its wingwith each growth. Today, Whitbread owns and operates some of the mostpopular business in restaurants, hotels and leisure and health.yeoman of the guard VisionTo make yeoman of the guard the first choice as a great place to eat anddrink.The Lydiard Travel Inn, Beefeater restaurant, Pub and Touchbase issituated just off junction 16 of the M4, beside the HiltonInternational. It has a 150 seater Beefeater restaurant, which is openall day from breakfast for overnight guests until evening dinner.For Beefeater to function efficiently and effectively the marketingteam must analyse gone performance and present trends, and attempt topredict the future in the form of marketing plan. There are a numberof planning techniques and processes which hav e been applysuccessfully, they are SWOT analysis Marketing mix Boston matrix Ansoff strategy PEST analysisObjectives To comply with the task that has been set by the Beefeater manager. This is to identify the following objectives and present fresh new ideas for the business. This task will try to solve her problem of relatively low growth and boost gross revenue to increase revenue. To identify the external forces influencing the competitive environment of the U.K. hospitality market. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Lydiard Beefeater through an internal audit. To identify the political, economic social and technological influences on the Lydiard, Swindon.... ... of 35-44 yr olds, and 4% of 45+ yr olds agreed.6% were currently a meat eater but would like to become a vegetarian.25% thought process that is not safe and healthy, rising to 34% in 15-24 yr olds.36% of non-vegetarians would consider becoming a vegetarian if they felt animal farming was cruel. 82% felt that in the future there will be more vegetarians.75% felt that in the future people will eat little meat.80% claimed to prefer to buy food that is cruelty free and good for the environmentThese statistics clearly show that there needs to be a grooming forvegetarian customers. The data however would need to be compared tomore recent data to check validity and to identify any trends in thedata such as cruelty to animals.BibliographyCustomer questionnaireAdvanced businesswww.Beefeater.co.ukwww.ask.com

EME Lesson Plan

By doing this, students go away learn to read all referenceed texts with a critical mind, peeping in mind that opinions and viewpoints can alter the reality that each tee Ext can present. Students pass on analyze the authors heart and souls from two fictional in order to intent Rupert the differing viewpoints that the authors having regarding the ideas of utopia and curb meet control. By doing this, students will learn to identify the authors intent in written works e even when it is implied or implicit.Learning Objectives With the aid of the two textbooks and Nicolas notes, students will be able to c instruct a twisted Pentagram in a Google doc of the differing messages within each ext, showing at least(prenominal) six items of differences on each side and six items of similarity in the mi del. With the aid of the two textbooks, Nicolas notes, and the internet, students will I be able to bring through two extended responses explaining each books authors viewpoint and how t h is reflects in the story, with five correctly sited books references and two correctly sited intern et references per author to support their argument.Resources The Giver, by Lois Lowry Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451 , by Ray Bradbury Computers for every student Google Powering Document Procedure 1. I/teacher will introduce the activity and review any material that you/ students testify misunderstandings or concern over. L/ teacher will also review how a Pentagram works and how to fill one out. (5 minutes) 2. YOW students will go to the computers and coarse the Google document that is lealer dad set up with blank Pentagram sheets.You/ Students will bring with you your books and your notes from Nicolas discussions. (2 minutes) 3. YOW students will fill in the Pentagrams will the similarities and differences beet en the authors message within the books. You/ students will have at least six items of difference on each side and six items of similarity in the middle. You/ students will be sure to write down where you found or read these differences for later use in the project. (30 minutes) 4.You/ students will research information on each author explaining the reasons bee mind his writings, the different books he wrote, and anything else that could affect ho w that particular author viewed the world. (20 minutes) 5. You/ students will print out your Pentagrams and internet research, and then ret unscramble to your/their seats. (5 minutes) 6. I/teacher will introduce the next portion of the project where you/ students will use the Pentagrams, the books, your notes, and internet resources to write two ext ended responses. 3 minutes) 7. YOW students will write two extended responses following the instructions. Each o en will focus on one of the authors and will describe how the authors viewpoint honorarium acts the message in the stories. You/ students will have at least five correctly sited book references and two correctly sited internet references in each extende d response SE. (35 minutes). 8. If any of you/students were unable to finish this project, you/ students will take it home and finish it as homework which will be due next class.

7 Habits by Stephen R. Covey

Stephen R. brood book is titled The 7 clothings of highly effective people helps to develop individuals personality in relation with others. The author shams us on the journey thru becoming proactive. Than we turn back to realize where are we going with our life. The next step is to set priorities in our life. What things are important and what things quite a little wait. We also learn how to achieve compromise that is satisfactory to all parties involved in daily activities. The author t from each onees us how to practice empathetic communications and the importance of the team work. erst all of that is achieved we are re head teachered to renew ourselves thru elements of nature. The first garment is Be Proactive. It advances to take control over your own future, and that every one of us is in control of their own future. The proactive people do not blame others for their misfortune. The first step to become proactive is to take initiative and to act or be act upon. When I w as working in a plant, and wanted to advance to a supervisors, I took initiative. I have studied the blueprints sight and learned from others, and then I became an assistant, and then a supervisor.There were several other employees that started their careers at the same time as I did, however, they did not take the initiative. When I was leaving the field they were still working at the same level when they have began. Listening to our language is another very important tone of becoming proactive. My favorite phrase is Stephen R. Covey had mention in his book is Lets look at our alternatives. Many people like to say There is nothing I can do. Another very important aspect of becoming proactive is to look where we focus our energy.In his book, Covey refers to two circles circle of concern and circle of influence. Proactive people focus on the circle of influence. This circle includes things one can do something about like, health, family or work related problems. Reactive people, o n the other hand, focus their energy on the things that they have no control of, like terrorism weather etcetera Gaining an awareness of the areas in which we expand our energies in is a giant step in becoming proactive. (As cited in Stephenconvey. com, 2009 p. 1). Begin with the end in mind is the second habit. any creation, design or invention is first created on the paper before it is actually build. My next project is to build a shed. in the lead I will invest time and money on generating the material, first I will have to make a plan of that building. Once I will accomplish that I can began to build. According to the author we should always know where we are going with our lives. To begin with the end in mind marrow to start with a clear understanding of your destination.It means to know where youre going so that you better understand where your are now and so the steps you take are always in the right direction (Covey, 1989 p. 98). The best way to get there is by creating Personal Mission Statement. That statement concentrates on where you want to be, and how to get there (Covey, 1989). In the first habit you are a creator. In the second habit you have a vision and in the third habit you put all those things into a prospective. The third habit is called Put first things first. This habit helps us manage our lives. There are four quadrants to our time management.Based on those quadrants, it is more convenient to schedule future tasks. Daily or weekly plan can be do to focus on the priorities. That plan is never solid it will most likely change as the daily tasks progress. It is really important to manage priorities base on those quadrants (Covey, 1989). The fourth habit called Think Win/Win moves us into interdependence phase. Our relationships with others depend on our mentality of thinking. Many people would like to receive the promotion or save their marriage but, they were not able to properly interact with others.There are six paradigms of hu man interaction (Covey, 1989). The fifth habit is to seek to understand, and then be understood. That means that the listener should not just hear the other person, but try to empathize with him. Most of the people can hear what others have to say however they dont listen to others, the message that other person is trying to relate goes by them (Covey, 1989). The sixth habit is to synergize. The author is relating to work in the teams. He states that the all team members are worth more that each of them separately put together. The group depends on each other.The differences between the people make the group stronger because of their differences. Every individual has a different prospective (Covey, 1989). The last of seven habits is to sharpen the saw. Most people melt down to forget themselves and tend to stay in one place. Many of the people tend to focus on the activities that are not relevant to their goals or values. Every person should continue to grow using the four elements of nature. That involves staying fit in physical condition. That can be achieved by proper nutrition and daily exercises. psychical fit refers to reading and writing.Social element of nature refers to servicing to others. The last element is to stay spiritually fit by studying and meditation (Covey, 1989). In conclusion, the seven habits written by Stephen R. Covey, teach us how to become internally focused. They are the simple set of rules for successful life. That refers to both personal and private life. We go thru seven changes that will make ourselves more aware of the world and people that surround us. References Covey, Stephen R. (1989). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. New York, NY Simon & Schuster.

Biology Class Xi Chapter Essay

The description of living organisms including human beings began much later in human history. Societies which indulged in anthropocentric view of biota could register limited progress in biological knowledge. Systematic and monumental description of life forms brought in, discover of necessity, detailed systems of identification, nomenclature and classification. The biggest spin off of such studies was the recognition of the sharing of similarities among living organisms both horizontally and vertically.That all present day living organisms be related to each other and also to all organisms that ever lived on this earth, was a revelation which humbled man and led to cultural movements for conservation of biodiversity. In the following chapters of this unit, you will get a description, including classification, of animals and plants from a taxonomists perspective. Born on 5 July 1904, in Kempten, Germany, the Harvard University evolutionary biologist who has been called The Darwin o f the 20th carbon, was one of the 100 greatest scientists of all time.Mayr joined Harvards Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 1953 and retired in 1975, assuming the title Alexander Agassiz Professor of zoology Emeritus. Throughout his nearly 80-year career, his research spanned ornithology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the history and philosophy of biology. He almost single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today. He also pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 7

mediocre was in her new first-floor bedroom, and was feeling very(prenominal) bewildered. Black Magic always do her feel giggly, and then very sleepy, exactly somehow tonight her body refused to sleep. Her head hurt.She was just about to turn the bedside light on, when a familiar section said, How about some tea leaf for your headache?Damon?I made some from Mrs. Flowerss herbs and I decided to elucidate you a cup as wel . Arent you the lucky young woman?If Bonnie had been listening closely, she might have heard something almost like self-loathing behind the light words simply she wasnt.YesBonnie said, meaning it. Most of Mrs. Flowerss teas smel ed and tasted good. This one was especial y nice, but grainy on her tongue.And not tho was the tea good, but Damon stayed to talk to her while she drank it al . That was sweet of him.Strangely, this tea made her feel not exactly sleepy, but as if she could only concentrate on one thing at a time. Damon swam into her field of view. cutaneous senses more relaxed?he asked.Yes, thank you.Weirder and weirder. Even her voice sounded slow and dragging.I wanted to make sure nobody was too spartan on you for the sil y mistake about Elena,he explained.They werent, real y,she said. Actual y everybody was more inte relaxation methoded in seeing you and Matt fight Bonnie put a hand over her mouth. Oh, no I didnt mean to say that Im so sorryIts al right. It should heal by tomorrow.Bonnie couldnt imagine why anyone would be so afraid of Damon, who was so nice as to pick up her mug of tea and say hed put it in the sink. That was good because she was feeling as if she couldnt get up to save her life. That cozy.That comfy.Bonnie, can I ask you just one little thing?Damon paused. I cant tel you why, butI have to encounter out where Misaos star bal is kept,he said earnestly.Ohthat,Bonnie said fuzzily. She giggled.Yes, that. And I am truly sorry to ask you, because youre so very young and destitutebut I know youl tel me the truth.After this praise and comfort, Bonnie felt she could fly. Its been in the same place al the time,she said with sleepy disgust. They tried to make me think theyd moved itbut when I saw him chained and going d avouch to the root cel ar I knew they hadnt real y.In the dark, there was a short shake of curls and then a yawn. If they were real y going to move itthey should have sent me away or something.Wel , maybe they were concerned for your life.Wha?Bonnie yawned again, not sure what he meant. I mean, an old, old safe with a combination? I told themthat those old safescould bereal y be idle to toBonnie let out a sound like a sigh and her voice stopped.Im glad we had this talk,Damon murmured in the silence.There was no answer from the bed.Pul ing Bonnies rag week up as high as it would go, he let it drift d birth. It covered most of her face. Requiescat in pace,Damon said softly. Then he left her room, not forgetting to take the mug.Now him chained and going down to the root cel lar.Damon mused as he washed out the mug careful y and put it endorse in the cupboard. The line sounded strange but he had almost al the links now, and it was actual y simple. Al he needed were twelve more of Mrs. Flowerss dormancy cachets and two plates heaped with raw beef. He had al the ingredientsbut hed never heard of a root cel ar.Shortly thereafter, he opened the door to the basement.Nope. Didnt partner the criteria for root cel arhed looked up on his mobile. Irritated and knowing that any moment someone was likely to wander downstairs for something, Damon turned around in frustration. There was an elaborately carved wooden panel across from the basement, but nothing else.Curse it, he would not be thwarted at this point. He would have his life as a vampire back, or he didnt want any life at al To punctuate the sentiment, he slammed a fist against the wooden panel in front of him.The knock sounded hollow.Immediately al frustration vanished. Damon examined the panel very care ful y. Yes, there were hinges at the very edge, where no sane person would expect them. It wasnt a panel but a door undoubtedly to the root cel ar where the star bal was.It didnt take spacious for his sensitive fingers even his human fingers were more sensitive than most to find a place that clicked and then the whole door swung open. He could see the stairs. He tucked his parcel under one arm and descended.By the il umination of the smal flashlight hed taken from the storage room, the root cel ar was just as draw a damp, earthy room to store fruit and vegetables before refrigerators had been invented. And the safe was just as Bonnie had said an ancient, rusty combination safe, which any sensation cracker could have opened in about sixty seconds. It would take Damon about six minutes, with his stethoscope (hed heard once that you could find anything in the boardinghouse if you looked hard enough and it seemed to be true) and every atom of his being concentrating on hearing th e tumblers quietly click.First, however, there was the Beast to conquer. Saber the black hel hound had unfolded, awake and howling(a) from the moment the secret door had opened. Undoubtedly, they had used Damons clothes to teach him to howl madly at his scent.But Damon had his own knowledge of herbs and had ransacked Mrs. Flowerss kitchen to find a handful of witch hazel, a smal amount of strawberry wine, aniseed, some peppermint oil, and a few other essential oils she had in stock, sweet and sharp. Mixed, this created a acrid lotion, which he had gingerly applied to himself. The concoction formed for Saber an impossible tangle of strong smel s. The only thing the now- academic session dog knew was that it was surely not Damon sitting on the steps and tossing him hearty bal s of hamburger and delicate strips of filet mignon each of which he gulped down whole. Damon watched with interest as the animal devoured the mix of sleeping powder and raw meat, tail whisking on the floor.Ten minutes later Saber the hel hound was sprawled out happily unconscious.Six minutes after that, Damon was rise an iron door.One second later he was pul ing a pil owcase out of Mrs.Flowerss antique safe.In the glow of the flashlight he found that he did so have a star bal , but that it was just a little more than half ful .Now what did that mean? There was a very uncontaminating hole dril ed and corked at the top so that not one precious droplet more need be wasted.But who had used the rest of the fluid and why? Damon himself had seen the star bal brimful of opalescent, shimmering liquid just days ago.Somehow between that time and now someone had used about a hundred thousand individualslife energy.Had the others tried to do some remarkable deed with it and failed, at the cost of burning so much Power? Stefan was too salmagundi to have used so much, Damon was certain of that. Butsalvia.With an Imperial Summons in his hand, Sage was likely to do anything. So, sometime after the s phere had been brought into the boardinghouse, Sage had poured out almost exactly half the life force from the star bal and then, undoubtedly, left the rest behind for Mutt or someone to cork.And such a colossal amount of Power could only have been used foropening the Gate to the Dark Dimensions.Very slowly, Damon let out his breath and smiled. There were only a few ways to get into the Dark Dimensions, and as a human he obviously could not drive to Arizona and pass through and through a public Gateway as he had the first time with the girls. But now he had something even better. A star bal to open his own private Gateway. He knew of no other way to cross, unless one was lucky enough to hold one of the almost-mythical Master Keys that al owed one to roam the dimensions at wil .Doubtless, someday in the future, in some nook, Mrs.Flowers would find another thank-you note this time along with something that was literal y invaluable something exquisite and priceless and probably from a dimension quite far from Earth. That was how Sage operated.All was quiet above. The humans were relying on their animal companions to keep them safe. Damon gave the root cel ar a individual(a) look around and saw nothing more than a dim room completely empty except for the safe, which he now closed.Dumping his own paraphernalia into the pil owcase, he patted Saber, who was gently snoring, and turned toward the steps.That was when he saw that a figure was standing in the doorway. The figure then stepped smoothly behind the door, but Damon had seen enough.In one hand the figure had been holding a fighting stave almost as tal as it was.Which meant that it was a hunter-slayer. Of vampires.Damon had met several hunter-slayers briefly in his time.They were, in his consideration, bigoted, unreasonable, and even more stupid than the average human, because theyd usual y been brought up on legends of vampires with fangs like tusks who ripped out the throats of their victims and kil ed th em. Damon would be the first to get hold of that there were some vampires like that, but most were more restrained. Vampire hunters usual y worked in groups, but Damon had a hunch that this one would be alone.He now ascended the steps slowly. He was fairly certain of the identity of this hunter-slayer, but if he was wrong he was going to have to dodge a stave launched straight down at him like a javelin. No problem if he were stil a vampire.Slightly more difficult, unarmed as he was and at a severe tactical disadvantage.He reached the top of the stairs unharmed. This was real y the most dangerous part of climbing steps, for a machine of just the right length could send him crashing al the way back down. Of phase a vampire wouldnt be permanently injured by that, but again he was no longer a vampire.But the person in the kitchen al owed him to climb al the way out of the root cel ar unhindered.A kil er with honor. How sweet.He turned slowly to measure up his vampire hunter. He w as immediately impressed.It wasnt the obvious strength that al owed the hunter to be able to whip off a figure eight with the fighting stave that impressed him. It was the weapon itself. Perfectly balanced, it was meant to be held in the middle, and the designs picked out in jewels around the handhold showed that its creator had had excel ent taste. The ends showed that he or she had a sense of humor as wel . The two ends of the stave were made of ironwood for strength but they were also decorated. In shape, they were made to resemble one of humankinds oldest weapons, the flint-tipped spear. But there were tiny spikes extruding from each of these spear flakes,set firmly into the ironwood. These tiny spikes were of different materials silver gray for werewolves, wood for vampires, white ash for Old Ones, iron for al eldritch creatures, and a few that Damon couldnt quite work out.Theyre refil able,the hunter-slayer explained. Hypodermic needles inject on impact. And of course differ ent poisons for different species quick and simple for humans, wolfsbane for those naughty puppies, and so on. It real y is a jewel of a weapon. I wish I had found it before we met Klaus.Then she seemed to shake herself back into reality.So, Damon, whats it going to be?asked Meredith.

Alexander the Great Essay 9

horse parsley the Great Alexander the Great was a king and conqueror. He is commonly announcered to as the near powerful leader of all time. What is it that makes him such a powerful leader? What has he accomplished that has made him so real? Were his accomplishments positive or negative? These ar all questions that when combined as one create a debate that has been going on for decades. There are those who admire Alexanders military achievements and world power to carve out the largest empire the demesne has seen. Then there are those who perceive him as a selfish, cruel madman with drinking problems.This paper will outline the different sides taken on Alexander and the question as to what his significance/influence was and whether it was goodish or bad. Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II, king of Macedonia. Phillip had always done much to prepare him for a military and political future (Lewis 48). Alexander served as a regent for his father at the young age of 16 for the start of his military career. After the assassination of his father he obtained the throne in 336 B. C. E. and leader of the League of Corinth. In 335 B. C.E he crushed Macedonias borders and destroyed the city of Thebes. This caused Athens to join the league with no fight. 334 B. C. E. was the year of his starting great victory, which opened Asia Minor to conquest. He then, in 333, met the Persian King for the first time and caused him to flee by charging even though Alexander was outnumbered. This was the stolon of the end for Persia. Alexander went on and in his 13 year reign was stamp down the Mediterranean, forming new cities, and producing an empire touching on 3 continents and encompassing 2 million sq miles (OBrien 44).Such work is something one should be proud of and many agree that conquering all of Persia in such a short total of time is Alexander the Greats biggest accomplishment. Balcer apparently agrees with that stating that Alexander succeeded in formin g the largest western empire of the ancient world and removing Persian intervention in Greek affairs (Balcer 121-122). Sacks obviously agrees as well saying that his principal achievement was the conquest of the empire of Persia,(14).The perspective of many scholars is that Alexander really was the greatest leader and through the conquering he undertook he achieved many great things. This is the side of the debate in which scholars find Alexanders significance to be a positive thing. It is argued he was a military genius with iron will and boundless ambition, (OBrien 45). Scholar Edmund Burke clearly supports this idea in saying that in his accession to the Macedonian throne his foundation of Alexandria, conquest of the Persian Empire and his strategic and tactical genius makes him a legend (Burke 67).He was non the only scholar to refer to him as a legend for a professor at Boise State notes that Alexander exhibited tremendous bravery, didnt let a wound cloture him, never lost a battle, had those around him believe he was invincible, and knew and loved his men. Combining all these factors created an army that could not be stopped and its accomplishments outdid anything that had been seen yet. Alexander and his military man had become a legend, (Knox). Alexander had also been seen as the reason for successfully spreading Greek culture that still exists today.Oriental and Greek cultures blended and flourished as a result of the Empire, making Greek culture his true legacy (Balcer 124). The Hellenistic Era took place right after Alexanders finale and he is said to be the one who ushered this fascinating era. (OBrien 46). The scholars are right, Alexander truly is a legend for he was the finest battlefield commander of the ancient world and remade the map of the ancient world (Sacks 14). Not just anyone can achieve such success, there seems to be something extraordinary about this man.Yet, not everyone agrees that he was so extraordinary. Yes, he did carve ou t the largest empire and at an amazingly rapid pace but his aims and ambitions were different than spreading Hellenism throughout the western Mediterranean and approximative the east. He was a self-confident man who only wanted to conquer for self-pleasure. Alexander is the reason that corruption and peculation were treated with casualness during this time. His pleasure was when his peoples were doglike to him and that was all that was necessary for his approval.It was because of him that Macedonia lost its manpower through the strenuous battles he continuously fought. He left it as a weakened kingdom. His empire is given(p) so much credit but it was only based on rapid military conquest and died right after his death (Stoneman 92-94). It is believed that Alexander conquered to rule, not to blend cultures. Heavy drinking led to disastrous incidents and hastened his death. An example of such a disaster was the burning down of Persepolis in a drunken revel. This is not an attribute of a good leader.He also lacked long-range planning and neglected his kingdoms future by exhausting himself in warfare while he delayed fathering a royal successor. His selfishness is proved by his act of casually killing any threats to the throne at the beginning of his reign (Sacks 15). Those who see Alexander in a negative manner obviously have quite strong opinions about it. They see him as more of a madman than the most powerful leader. It is easy to see where they get their assumptions from for they look at the bloodshed part of Alexanders reign.Instead of focusing on the rare ability he had to conquer so successfully the use the old journals and other texts used to learn about Alexander and dont see late(prenominal) the drunken stories and jump to the negative side of his actions to make them cruel. Those who make assumptions about him being the greatest military leader of all time look at the historical records we have of them and analyze his tactics realizing they really are extraordinary. No other person has conquered so much, so fast and left such a legacy.I agree with those who see him as a significantly positive influence so its easier to see where they are coming from. I look at the whole picture his achievements were unlike anyone elses in history and as a King he was only trying to do the better for his country. He deserves the credit he has received for spreading Greek culture there is no other way it would have happened. Scholar Burke put it short when in his article he states, when mention is made of a man of action and genius, there is perhaps no one of the ancients who so quickly comes to approximation as Alexander the Great (Burke 67).

Research: Children With Mental Illness Essay

The purpose of this paper is to critique an article from the National intimacy of Social Workers, Inc. The article selected is titled Child custody loss among women with resolved good psychogenic disorder. (Hollingsworth, 2004) I selected this article due to its applicability to child protecting(prenominal) services which is where my field practicum is taking place. The components of this article ar clearly delineate and broken down into subheadings as followed Abstract, Introduction, Theoretical Framework and Research Design, Method, Analysis, Results, Discussion, Implications for Mental wellness Policy and Services, Conclusion, and References. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The layout of the article makes it easy for the reader to follow and understand key elements and terms of the research. The title houses a clear cut description of what the article is compose about as well. The variables are identified and defined under the methods subheading it also provides a definition of in dividual variables, environ amiable variables, and how child custody is defined for the purposes of this research. (Hollingsworth, 2004)The statement of the problem is descriptively explained in the introduction and supported with statistical analysis provided in the research article. The purpose is clearly defined under the metaphysical role model and research cast section explaining that the study was to test the guessing which stated that by researching history of child custody loss among women with severe persistent mental illness the custody loss would be higher than those women who did not have this type of illness. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The hypothesis and research question provide insight into how the informant plans to show a correlation and then build effective policies and interventions based upon this evidence. The research question asks What are the circumstances under which women with severe mental illness lose custody of their children? (Hollingsworth,2004) This gi ves the reader a concise question that allows them to visualize the direction of the research itself. The research question is quickly followed by characteristics that have been notice among the participants which define what may have led to a grow losing custody of her child.The article then provides examples of behavior patterns and socioeconomic factors that may impact the variables mentioned. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The theoretic framework and research section re-states the purpose of this research and also provides supportive information as to why this knowledge is important to obtain for the target population mention. The theoretical framework states that the power used the Human Ecology Theory, which fits the problem presented because there is enough past information available, and biopsychosocial elements provided to be able to test the hypothesis and provide reliable/measurable entropy. (Hollingsworth, 2004) Based upon the information in the article the Human Ecology The ory will view the mother with severe persistent mental illness in her environment, assist in predicting outcomes, and also provide measurable data. The data collected will enable social workers and mental health workers to affiliate these women and families to the correct resources so that the mother may regain custody and have admission fee to the resources that she requires.The variables presented appear to be appropriate for the problem as it has been defined. The individuals biopsychosocial information is measurable including whether there is a history of substance abuse and treatment for mental illness. The environmental variables are also measurable by convocation data related to the individuals neighborhood, child behavior, poverty conditions, and social support. (Hollingsworth, 2004) It is important to mention that each term used in the variables section was and defined and a description was given as to how the information was considered from these separate groups. The a uthor also recognizes that there are factors besides the mothers mental illness that could play a part in her mental functioning. (Hollingsworth, 2004) I feel that it is important for the author to acknowledge these outlying factors that may influence the data that has been collected.The assumptions made in this article include some bias toward how child tutelar services and the legal system will treat a mother that has persistent severe mental illness. It is not hard to understand why this assumption is made and it is reasonable to assume that the legal system andchild protective services may assume too much based upon a quick assessment of the mothers mental state. I feel that the inequality based on the research information provided is also related to geographic areas more so than others. If there is a low income area that is lacking access to qualified mental health professionals it would be safe to assume that child protective services would remove the children since other re sources are not available. The overall design of this article is constructed around quantitative data with the results of the research beingness constructed around this format the author also provides some supportive evidence through qualitative research. The design is appropriate to answering the research questions and providing an easy to follow guide for the readers to digest the information.In my opinion the author also did a good line of credit recognizing different threats to the validity of the data that was collected. The author did this by recognizing what those threats were and how it was accounted for in the data that was collected, and what impact it may have had on the results. The sample selection was appropriately draw and broken down into measurable categories. The author stated Participants were identified from among those enrolled in a National Institute for Mental Illness funded three- motion longitudinal study of mothers with severe mental illness. (Hollingswo rth, 2004) The author further explains that the sample size began with 379 women after wave 3 of the study 322 women remained. (Hollingsworth, 2004) Women were removed from the study throughout the study depending upon different variables listed as disqualifiers, such as a mother losing custody of her child/children for less than three months.Some women chose to remove themselves from the study and others bewildered contact with the individuals conducting the study at different times which in turn made the women disqualified. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The process of collecting the data is clearly defined under the method section of the article. The author describes the organise of the questionnaire as a 3 wave longitudinal study. (Hollingsworth, 2004) In my opinion the inconsistencies would come from the participant answering truthfully and consistently within the 3 wave study. In the 3 wave study the data was collected initially through structured interview questions, with some open- ended questions used, this is where some of the inconsistencies could be from depending on who was analyzing the answers. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The author stated that a lifehistory calendar was included in the 3rd wave to increase accuracy. (Hollingsworth, 2004) Another consideration would be to bank bill that the participants were paid to participate in the study, but the interview was conducted in the privacy of the participants home. (Hollingsworth, 2004)The interviews were conducted by a trained female interviewer that was racially and ethnically similar to that of the participant. (Hollingsworth, 2004) This is note-worthy because it shows some variables that were not stated as having a possible influence on the results of the data collected. I would take into consideration that the interviewer, although professionally trained, may have had biases in favor of the participants that were subconsciously conveyed and could have led the participants to answer the interviewer in a pa rticular manner. The results were able to depict what the variables between the participants that permanently lost custody of their children and those that did not lose custody of their children. One interesting finding is that women that were not married were more likely to permanently lose custody of their children. (Hollingsworth, 2004) The hypothesis for this provided by the author is that the married women more than likely had more immediate support in the home. (Hollingsworth, 2004)One of the variables listed was the behavior problems from the children of women with persistent mental illness the author notes that in order to determine whether this is the children simply reacting to the mothers persistent severe mental illness or whether the children have true behavioral issues needs to be studied further. (Hollingsworth, 2004) With that being considered the results found that the childrens behavioral issues had little impact on whether or not the mother lost custody. (Holling sworth, 2004) The implications recognized are geared toward mental health policy and services the author states that one part of the study that was initially thought of as an individual variable was genuinely something that could be considered as an environmental factor as well. (Hollingsworth, 2004)The example given was that unmarried women may not be discriminated against due to be unmarried and this being the cause for their custody loss, but may have lost custody due to less resources than someone who has a partner.(Hollingsworth, 2004) The second noteworthy implication is that individuals with prompt symptoms of psychosis or depression can present a significant risk to their children, so the children are removed for theirown protection and not due to judicial factors.(Hollingsworth, 2004)

Motivation and the Brain †Eating Healthy Essay

Eating right is essential for positive motivation and clear thinking. The brain, specifically the hypothalamus, along with the intellectual cerebral hemisphere works jamly with physiological stimulation. This includes all five of our senses, specifically speaking, taste. Explaining the brain utilization associated with annihilateing, I allow discuss the influence of inessential and native factors, which will include heredity and involving the environment. In addition I will discuss the motivation need to espouse in eating healthy. The main function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, or maintaining the eubstances state in which it works.Factors such as blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, and body weight are held to a comminuted value called the set-point. The Hypothalamus organizes and controls many complex emotions, feelings and moods, as well as all motivational states including hunger, appetite and food intake, and everything to do with the co ncept of pleasure including satisfaction, comfort and inventive activities (Incredible Horizons, 2009). It appears that almost everything the Hypothalamus does is related in some way to weight man periodment and controlled weight loss.When the Hypothalamus is not working properly, food becomes to a greater ex tennert important, but increasingly more unfulfilling. We end up never feeling satisfied with the foods which we have eaten, gradually eating more and more to try to compensate for whatever is lacking. From a metabolic process point of view, the Hypothalamus not only governs the motivation to eat, but most importantly how eating is to be experienced, if it is satisfying or not, and how deep the satisfaction occurs. This gives an idea tho how important a healthy hypothalamic function really is (Incredible Horizons, 2009).Understanding how the hypothalamus works and keeping it healthy could be an extrinsic motivational factor to eat healthy. Being educated on how food affects t he brain but also the body as a whole would be an example of extrinsic motivation. However, it is how we evolve to eat, hereditarily speaking that gives us the tools to start out eating healthy from a young age or not. Lifelong food preference tends to start to sire while a baby is still in the mothers womb. The strongest pattern for future food preferences is formed during the age of 9 to 19 months of age (Vera, 2009).At this time, everything connected with food intake leaves a strong imprint on the childs brain. Also, the baby is tasting everything with his or her mouth toys, shoes, body parts, etc. Concurrently, the child is memorizing the experiences of his mother and fathers eating habits what they are eating, what they are feeding the baby, their emotional reaction to the babys consumption of these foods all while the unsuspecting parents believe that the child does not comprehend much of what is going on. The reality is the child is forming food habits for a vivificationt ime.Whatever the first tastes, textures, smells an sights of food are, that child will crave them for the rest of his or her life, especially in moments of distress. Because of this, it would appear that comfort food is not too far from the truth. This was often a time in a childs life when their mom or dad focused much love and caring on them and purely through affiliation finds its way into our adult lives when we feel emotionally distressed or needing comfort. Human behavior patterns forming in childhood are crucially important for parents to pay close attention to the eating habits they are helping their children form (Vera, 2009).Promoting healthy eating habits with special care introducing fresh fruits and vegetables to their children as much as possible in addition, parents must keep this promotion up otherwise children will fall prey to the societys image of food which is unhealthy another extrinsic example. In todays society negative eating habits are advertised in every c orner. According to Not Alone website, the top ten lists of popular food most people eat on a regular basis may not appear too alarming a burger meal, Pizza, Spaghetti, or even a hot dog meal. However, after reviewing the nutritional analysis it should be alarmingFor example, a burger meal contains 1300 calories, 34 grams of protein, 189 grams of carbohydrates and 44 grams of fat. This is identical to 38 teaspoons of sugar and a half of a stick of butter (McKeith, Ph. D. , 2005). The normal daily calorie intake should be 2,550 for men and 1,940 for women (McKeith, Ph. D. , 2005). Unfortunately the typically daily intake for both men and women are on average 3, 877 calories. Knowing these statistics should lead a person to use internal motivation to bring in the severity of the issue and begin to eat healthy. To conclude, eating right is essential for positive motivation and clear thinking.We have learned the hypothalamus, along with the cerebral hemisphere works closely with physi ological stimulation including taste. Ive explained the brain function associated with eating, discussed the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors including heredity and the environment. Lastly, I discussed the motivation need to succeed in eating healthy.References Breck, K. B. (2011). A practical guide to a happy life. Retrieved from http//www. kristenguide. com/Health/Weight_Loss/ways_to_stay_motivated. asp Incredible Horizons. (2009). Hypothalmus Function. Retrieved from http//www. incrediblehorizons.com/balance-Hypo%20function. htm McKeith, Ph. D. , G. (2005). 10 Foods People Eat On a Regular Basis. You Are What You Eat The Plan that Will Change Your Life. Not Alone. Retrieved from http//www. enotalone. com/article/25017. html NowLoss. (2011). Getting Motivated. Retrieved from http//www. nowloss. com/how-to- get-motivation-to-lose-weight. htm The Life Co. (2009). A new recipe for life. Retrieved from http//www. thelifeco. com/cok-okunanlar. aspx? id=478 Vera, Dr. (2009). Hereditary Eating Habits. Quantum Evolution. Retrieved from http//www. quantumevolution. comau/hereditary_eating_habits. htm.

Chaucer’s Contribution to the Development of English Literary Tradition Essay

Chaucer is commonly hailed as the father of position poetry who in such kit and caboodle as his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, significantly contributed to the development of English as a literary language. The General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales has often been praised as the most perfect poem in the English language. The Canterbury Tales and his former(a) notable works reflect Chaucers familiarity with French, English, Italian, and Latin literature, and demonstrate his consummate mastery of a novelty of literary genres, styles, and techniques.His poems continue to draw the interest and praise of readers centuries after his death and are among the most acclaimed works of the English-speaking world. The originality of his language and style, the vivacity of his humor, and the depth of his understanding are continually cited as reasons for the permanence of his works. Chaucers finale to write in his countrys language, English, rather than in the was something of a risk, a nd a big have with learned tradition.The risk paid off. The Canterbury Tales were enormously popular beca employ so many more manuscripts of the tales survive than of roughly any other work of this time period. The Canterbury Tales were still going strong when the first printers made their expressive style to England. William Caxton published the first printed version of The Canterbury Tales in 1476. One of the things that makes The Canterbury Tales so fun to read is the great exposit with which the narrator describes each of the pilgrims.We learn, for example, that the cook has a pustule on his leg that very much resembles one of the desserts he cooks, or that the miller has a huge, pug nose. For many of his portraits, Chaucer is relying on a medieval tradition of estates satire, a collection of stereotypes about people based on what occupation they had or what social class they belonged to. some other medieval idea his portraits draw upon is anticlericalism, a tradition that g ot its start in reaction to a attraction of abuses by clergy in the medieval church, but which basically became a collection of stereotypes about friars, monks, nuns, priests, and the like. Since The Canterbury Tales is a fabrication about a storytelling competition, many of the questions it asks are about stories. As the pilgrims tell their stories, though, they turn out to be talking not just about fairytale people in far-off lands, but likewise about themselves and their society.This leads to a lot of conflict in a group of pilgrims formed by members of that like society. It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular, English, rather than French or Latin. English had, however, been used as a literary language for centuries in the lead Chaucers life, and several of Chaucers contemporaries also wrote major literary works in English. It is ill-defined to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it.

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Essay

Description Preferred languold age tendency English (U.S.). Each student will complete a 1520 page constitution in which they will debate current issues facing adolescents today and how a counsellor should deal with these beas. The study must be in APA style with a minimum of 15 current references (within five divisions). This paper is to be 15-20 pages in length, and that means the body of the paper itself - non the title page, abstract, etc.The topic is teenaged charge activity stripe OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.Adolescent versedity PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCYNameSchoolUniversityAdolescent Sexuality Prevention of puerile maternityAbstract One of the comm cardinalnessst problems faced by teens in the some(prenominal) nations, has been the issue of juvenile mformer(a)hood. Although, the range of teenage gestation period be decreasing, there ar still several(prenominal) problems associated with the issue. As teenage maternal timbre washbowl be a huge neighborl y issue and most of them do not want a child, such pregnancies evict create a negative impact on the quality of life of the teenage couple. The upraise in teenage maternalism has been collect to several issues including prompt onset of maturity, greater occasions of prenuptial conjure, etc. Besides, teenage motherliness is usu all toldy not favorite(a) payable to several issues such as greater ordinates of defects in the developing child, greater list of maternal problems, brotherly concerns, difficulties of the mother in bringing up the child, etc. In all cases, efforts should be make to stay the pregnant teenage girl rather than ignore her.A teenage pregnancy measure syllabus should look into several beas that encompass adolescents including cargoner development, education, STDs, birth control device method, counseling, drug ab work, womens wellness, etc. It should move several parties including the p atomic number 18nts, politicians, social workers, child and w omen groups, NGOs, etc. The two techniques that are utilised frequently accommodate temperance and contraception. Studies urinate shown that school-based delayion course of study were successful in decreasing the rates of pregnancy amongst teens. Efforts should be on to take the entire society in the teenage pregnancy hold backion weapons platform.There are several factors that whitethorn ca economic consumption the teenager to indulge in imperative familiar appearance including social factors, psychological factors, family factors, etc. The counselor-at-laws should always try to include the parents, family and the entire society in the foreseeion programs. If abstinence-based programs be to be difficult, then the contraception-based programs whitethorn seem to be efficient. The counselor whitethorn lease to follow a holistic approach in solving the problems of the teens. The counselor should determine the characteristics of the teens and accordingly subroutine th ese characteristics to motivate them further. teenageds whose pedantic performance is superior whitethorn seem to gain to a greater extent from pregnancy prevention programs.The teenage pregnancy program should besides look at conglomerate issues that surround teenagers including STDs, contraceptives, drug abuse, careers, high schooler education, etc. It is besides authorised that the teenage pregnancy prevention program helps pregnancy teenage girls to quality life with step forward whatever problems. They should be taught how to handle the social and family pressure that may develop resulting from unwanted pregnancy. It is important that the teenage program involve the teenagers. The US HHS and the CDC remove shown a lot of interest in the teenage pregnancy programs in recent years.In developing nations, the rates of teen pregnancy are on the rise. On the other hand, in the developed nations such as the US and Canada, the rates of teenage pregnancies are decreasing due to greater awareness levels. In the US, intimately 97 per every 1000 teenage girls (usually between the ages of 15 to 19 years) bond pregnant each year. Most of these pregnancies ( just about three-quarters) are usually not wanted. During the years 1999-2000, the rates of teenage pregnancies have dropped. The rates of teenage pregnancies are about 28 %, and the rate of teenage child bears is about 21 %. There may be several reasons for teenage pregnancies (Weiss, 2000 & Huberman, 2005). These include 1. Girls are maturing faster, now between the ages of 12 to 13 years.2. youngage sex is very common. Before the girl reaches adulthood in the US, about 80 % of them would have had sex.3. Teenagers are less likely to take precautions in pitch to prevent pregnancy.4. Teenagers are not aware of the reproductive problems that can develop during the pregnancy period (Weiss, 2000).Teenage pregnancy can have serious consequences and implications (Weiss, 2000). These include 1. Several pr oblems such as miscarriage, neonatal death, stillborn babe, maternal sickness, etc are higher in teenage girls than in pregnant women.2. Children born from teenage girls have several problems including developmental problems, congential defects, low birth weight, neglect, child abuse, etc.3. well-disposedly, teenage pregnancy is not accepted.4. The teenage mother is more likely not to take care of the child. She is more likely to smoke, consume excessive alcohol, subject the baby to abuse, etc.5. The government has to overtake a huge amount to solve the problems related to teenage pregnancies. These include public health problems, housing, assistance, childcare, legal issues (Weiss, 2000).Teenage pregnancy prevention programs should have a specific objectives and goals. Studies have shown that from old teenage pregnancies that the Socio-economic life, standard of living, etc, would be very poor following teenage pregnancy. As it is one of the major public health concerns, the po liticians should take up the issue on a priority primer coat. It is important that the teenage parents be supported rather than being ignored. The of import goals of any teenage pregnancy program are to 1. To bring down the teenage pregnancy rates by at least 50 % by the year 2010 (this is an objective of the Healthy People 2010).2. To include the teenagers themselves in the program so that the initiatives made come from this group of the population itself. Teenagers should be educated, trained and employed in the teenage welfare programs. finicky idiom should be made on focusing on the teenage pregnancy prevention.3. The teenage pregnancy prevention programs should also focus on other areas including drug abuse, gynecological issues, career development, counseling, etc. This would witness that all-round the teenager is given attention.4. Voluntary services should be oriented towards understanding teenage demeanor and changing them in order to bring about better attitudes and practices.5. Several stakeholders including the politicians, government, judiciary, social welfare groups, public, womens groups, etc, should be involved in these programs.6. Efforts should be organized at the national, regional and the topical anaesthetic levels in order to help teenagers to develop appropriate attitudes and behaviors towards teenage pregnancies.7. Adoption of better prevention techniques such as sex education, contraception, avoiding the risk factors, etc.8. Supporting the teenagers and their parents so as to help them develop a good future. Also, to master that the teenagers get appropriate help in problematic situations.9. Ensuring that the pregnant teen mother is given specific attention during the pregnancy period. This would ensure that both the mother and the developing child is strong and is able to get appropriate medical attention. legion(predicate) may think that in a teenage pregnancy prevention program, the issues relating to the pregnancy period carry not be considered. However, this should be an area of focus, as it would help to prevent further problems (Blank, 2003).The Government has begun to include teenage pregnancy prevention programs as one of the priority areas for the social cause. Initially, the government had a lot of problems associated with these programs. However, following a few initial hiccups, these programs have turned out to benefit the teenagers and their families in developing a fruitful life.One of the programs meant for teenage pregnancy prevention program is the School Health Policies and course of instructions Study 2006 or SHPPS 2006. It is basically performed to study the various health programs and policies conduced at the classroom level. in the year 2000, about 45 % of the states belonging to various middle schools taught about pregnancy prevention, and in the year 2006 it step-upd to about 59%. With relation to high schools, this take care similar. The number of hours spent pedagogics on pregnancy prevention also varied in high, middle and elementary schools. In high schools it was 3.5 hours, 2.7 in middle schools and 1.3 in elementary schools. In high schools, 2.0 teachers were required to teach about pregnancy prevention in the year 2000, which increase to 2.6 in the year 2006.About 38 % of the districts and about 20 % of the states provided about pregnancy prevention services. These services were either provided on a one to one basis or on a group basis. About 28.4 % of the district authority provided for services on the topical anaesthetic property rather than on the schools property. About 97 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention.About 28.7 % of the schools provided for pregnancy prevention programs through arrangement from outside organizations. The number of staff members who received upbringing also varied. About 30.6 % of the staff had training on pregnancy prevention, 17 % had training on prenatal care and 14 % had training in childcare, 2 years before the program started. 20 % of the psychiatric service staff had training in pregnancy prevention and 13 % had training in child care (SHPPS, 2006).Currently, there are several issues, which could be responsible for promoting teenage pregnancy prevention. Many of the teenage prevention programs may not be successful, as they do not involve the society as a whole. The program strategy may be such that it lacks some amount of veritableity leading to a failure. Hence, the social blanket compulsory for the program to be a success should be greater. Furstenberg considers that the conflict present on versedity ineluctably to be resolved especially the cultural and the political tendencies. As the attitudes and behavior of the society towards teenage pregnancies has not been corrected so far, it may be difficult to control teenage pregnancy. Hence, methods complyed to prevent pregnancy can be adopted. The intervening variables include 1. Controlling age of entry to the knowledgeable unions There has been a dramatic increase in the number of teenagers who have sex before the marriage. In the 1950s and the 1960s, this figure was about 10 %, and in the 1970s and the 1980s this figure was 20 %. There could be many a(prenominal) causes for this including friction match pressures, lack of pressure from the home, trend in dating, etc. There has been also a rise in the cases of venereal diseases affecting the teenage population. Many a times, the teenage population is not unresolved to family or parental discussions on sex and childbearing. This has created even greater number of problems.Family discussions usually create healthy practices and attitudes. Studies conducted in schools on teenage boys and girls present that family teaching had a great map. When family opposition was present without any kind of support or understanding, the teenagers indulged in sexual activity. One important fact to note was that it was not always true when there was a n increase in the teenage sexual activity, there would be an increase in the teenage pregnancy rates. In the year 1979, there was an increase by about 50 % in the rates of sex in teenage girls. However, there was also a rise in 50 % in the contraceptive use. Studies have shown that use of contraceptives always did not help to prevent pregnancy, and whence something more was required (Kohli, 2007).2. Contraception use Studies conducted in the US and the Western European region demonstrated that even though the teenage sexual activity rates were similar in both the regions, the rate of teenage pregnancy rates were higher in the US compared to the Western European region. One of the main reasons as to why teenage girls become pregnant is that they do not stress upon the extremity to use a contraceptive. rough teenagers feel that they are not sexually active and feel that they would not need a contraceptive. Teenagers would also not like to make long-term decisions about their life. They may behave in an immature and irresponsible way due to their young age. Teenagers may always feel shy of get a contraceptive. They may also not consider the risk of getting pregnant as real and may not use their knowledge to help prevent the pregnancy. Many girls fear that they would be losing a boy friend due to rejection if they did not have sex with him. This type of fear has lead to several problems. In true fact, it has been seen that girls usually prefer long-term relationships and boys prefer short-term relationships. Most boys would have no idea of contraception and pregnancy, and would usually leave it up to the female to prevent herself from getting pregnant (Kohli, 2007).3. purpose of abortion4. Use of adoptionPsychological factors associated with teenage pregnancy Most of the teenage girls do not intent to have a child during their teenage period due to a variety of factors including the need to grow and develop academicianally, social factors, etc. Only a small proportion of teenagers would like to have an infant and improve their mission in life. The bringing of a child would also increase the relationship and the bonding to their boyfriends. Teenage pregnancy would also improve the chances of neat independent, stepping into their motherhood, etc. However, the psychological problems created by teenage pregnancy are more often negative.It creates a sense of low self-esteem. Teenagers who become pregnant may not be given the same amount of respect and esteem as before. This is mainly due to the engagement in sex. These psychological pressures would invariable lead to poor academic performances. Poor performance in academics may in turn create a lot of psychological pressure for the teenager and may lead to irresponsible sexual behavior. If the sexual behavior is responsible and if the child was intelligent and understanding, it was shew that the academic record was also good (Kohli, 2007).Family Factors Family communication holds a vita l key in helping prevent teenage pregnancy. The mother and the daughter need to hold vital discussions on how should teenage pregnancy are prevented. The teenage girl would use contraception infrequently and incorrectly if not advised by the mother. In the other side, important discussions between the father and the son would hold the key to responsible sexual behavior of the male teenagers. The parents and the child needs to invariable discussion about sex-related issues. This would trustworthyly prevent anything untoward from happening. Frequently, it was found that the sexual behavior of the parents did not have an important role to play in permitting the child to have sex.Sons were less likely to follow the parental advice on sex than the daughters. Parents, who were friendly and attentive towards their children, resulted in the teenagers becoming less sexually active. If the parents take up the issue of contraception and sexual activity with the teenager at a young age, then t he chances of the child staying close to the parents is high. Studies have shown that even if the parents approves of the childs sexual practice through non-verbal means, the chances of developing healthy sexual behavior was high. In traditional families, the chances of having a stick daughter were higher, than the son. If the mother was a homemaker, the chances of the daughter sticking to the mothers advice were higher.It was found that in the males, peer involvement had an even greater role to play than family factors. This is because boys may not want to discuss any sexual issue with the parent and instead prefer to discuss it with the friends. Boys may only want to discuss sexual issues with individuals of the same age and belonging to the same sex. Any bad company would create irresponsible sexual behavior.On the other hand, when it comes to girls, they are more often affected by the advice of the male teenager than with the advice of their female friends. When a single parent existed at home, the chances of developing irresponsible sexual behavior was higher. Sexual abuse and problems in the family, was more likely to be responsible for undesired sexual behavior in the teen. The teenager was likely not to give richness to self. Teenager who previously suffered from certain mental disorders or those who were involved in crime were at a greater chance of becoming pregnant (Kohli, 2007).Social factors Children belonging to certain social groups are more likely not to indulge in sexual activity or use contraception as a mean to prevent pregnancy. It is usually seen that in restrictive societies, the chances of becoming pregnant during the teenage period are lesser. This is due to the restrictions placed by the families on the child to stay away from sex. Socio-economic status also plays an important role in helping to prevent getting pregnant. Hispanics and other sexual minorities due to their lower Socio-economic backgrounds are less likely to receive se xual advice from home and from school. They may also lack medical facilities and contraception (Kohli, 2007).A counselor conducting teenage prevention programs should use various methods to prevent the teenage girl from becoming pregnant. Some of the most frequently utilized methods of preventing teenage pregnancy include use of contraception and intermiting from sex. The counselor needs to ensure that both these methods are used either alone or in combination with one another, depending on the situation (Kohli, 2007).Children who belong to societies, which are having strict sexual code, would like the teenagers not to indulge in sexual activity. There may pressures from the family, school and society for the teenager to abstain from sex. The teenagers may be told to delay all sexual relationships until marriage. In such a circumstance, the counsellor would have to create attitudes and behaviors in the teenager so that they would delay all sexual activity until adulthood. One of th e laws developed in the year 1996 was the Welfare reform law and this gave birth to the development of the Abstinence education program.Federal funds were being utilized in such a program to counsel and educate the teenagers of premarital sex and the need to abstain from it. Every year about 50 million dollars was spent on the program. Several activities were a part of the program. The HRSA developed a community-based abstinence program in the year 2001. Federal funds were utilized to educate the public about premarital sex. They also conducted education programs for students between the ages of 12 to 18 years. More than 20 million dollars was being spend every year on such programs (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002).The counselor would have a role to play in addition to that of the family. He should work in close association with the family and the school-based activities. Frequently, the counselor would be advising the school of the increased need to have school-based sex education class es. Some parents may not want their children to have school-based sex education classes and instead prefer to give them advice personally. In such circumstances, it is the duty of the counselor to advise the parents of the importance of such activities. In teenagers it is found that abstinence-based program may be difficult to prevent them from indulging in sexual activity, but would definitely help to prevent them from indulging in sexual activity until the age of 18 years (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002d).As teenage pregnancy has multiple factors responsible, the program to be successful and effective needs to adopt a holistic approach to solve the problem. One of the issues that the counselor needs to emphasis on is the need to continue education and literary to a higher level. Teenagers having higher intellectual message are more likely to get motivated and continue with education on a extended term.Some teenagers may also like the issue of getting employed and standing on ones own feet. It is found that such students are more likely to follow the advise of the counselor and respond. The counselor should continuously motivate the teenager to use contraceptive during sexual activities or if possible to abstain from sex (Childrens care Society Carrera Adolescent maternal quality Prevention Program, 2006).The counselor should also use the family as a role model to ensure that the teenager adopts healthy sexual practices. The teenager should be convinced about the strong family ties that are present. They should be told to take their mother and father as role models and lead a life that is going to be constructive in the future. Students belonging to various colleges may have a lot of creativity housed within them. They would like to use this skill to build a future. This could also be used as a point on which further motivation can be performed (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent motherliness Prevention Program, 2006).The intervention performed should no t be single measures as a number of factors are involved that are related to teenage pregnancy. Some counselors would utilize various psychotherapy techniques to help the teenagers to adopt healthy sexual practices. Some of the psychotherapy techniques that could be utilized included family therapy, group therapy, support groups, couple therapy, etc (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).All the issues that encompass sex and teenage matters need to be sorted out in a teenage pregnancy prevention program. Some of these issues include HIV/AIDS, responsible sexual behavior, use of contraceptives, drug abuse, etc. The teenagers should be motivated to lead a fruitful and a productive life. Many teenagers may feel depressed and hopeless in case they fall pregnant. However, a counselor should also be available to tackle such situations and offer the teenagers a way out. The counselor would have to adopt a stand that would encourage the teenager. Some of the points over which the teenager could be encouraged include 1. chip in the teenager understand that young blood could be utilized for constructive purposes.2. Helps the teen to build a life filled with purpose and responsibility.3. Building a very promising future.4. Helping teenagers who have had previous pregnancies and abortions to lead a life filled with hope and quality (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).However, this is not always the case with teenagers who have had previous pregnancies. Teenagers who have had previous pregnancies may be pressurized from various quarters. They may be forced to lead a life filled with poverty, misery, desperation and depression. The counselor should in such situations be available to uplift such teenagers to lead a quality life. The counselor should consider such teenagers to be at a high risk for depression and dangerous tendencies.He should be able to assess the presence of such risk and ac cordingly take measures to foster the teenager. Teenagers under the difficulties of life, require love and care. For this reason, they may indulge in sexual activities. However, the performance of such activities may result in a critical error leading to the female girl becoming pregnant. The counselor should provide hope and motivation for the teenager to lead a fruitful life (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).One of the most effective programs when it comes to social issues such as teenage pregnancy, community-based approaches seems to be very superior. The US Health and Human Services is one organization that is backup the use of community-based programs for the prevention of pregnancy amongst teenagers. They would be using various resources such as financial, human, supportive, infrastructure, material, etc, to perform various activities such as building partnerships, researching, monitoring, evaluating, planning, disseminating knowle dge, etc (Childrens Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006 & US HHS, 2002).The CDC has taken the issue of teenage pregnancy prevention on a priority basis since the year 1995. The programs support various activities in order to help prevent teenage pregnancies. These include community actions, unified efforts, identify shortcomings, identifying and allocating resources, evaluating the project, etc. Several governmental and non-governmental would be taking part in such activities, including local, regional and federal (US HHS, 2002).Several other issues need to be considered in the teenage pregnancy prevention program. For the cooking of reproductive health services, several health insurance options should be available to the teenagers (such as Medicaid and Medicare Services). Several of the State, regional and Federal Public Health programs such as the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant, etc are meant for adolescent health and to prevent pregnancy in young teenage girls. Teenagers should also have facilities to help them with several other issues such as drug abuse, alcohol abuse, legal issues, etc (US HHS, 2002).In a teenage pregnancy prevention program, during the implementation certain principles need to be adhered to The objectives, goals and the expected outcome of the program should be clearly defined. The mode by which these objectives are to be achieved need to be determined. Collaboration should exist between the governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private organizations. The involvement of teens in the program. The activities and the content of the program performed should be attractive to the teens. All activities should be constructive in nature. Cultural activities and local resources would provide huge amount of benefits. Use of local volunteers and counselors would also help in the program. Long-term support should be provided to the teens in helping to carve out something constructive for the future. The two measures by which the program would be acting include abstinence and contraception. Abstinence can delay the interest in indulging in sexual activity by the teen. Contraception methods and techniques should be taught. Males should be encouraged to take up contraception use, as it is more convenient and reduces the load on the females. The programs should be developmentally appropriate. Decision-making skills and problem-solving methods should be taught to the teenagers. Several health services such as gynecological services, obstetrics services, adolescent health, pregnancy testing, prevention and treatment for STDs, contraceptive counseling, etc. The health services should incorporated certain features including confidentiality, informed consent, flexibility in appointments, free services, etc. (Davies, 2007).ReferencesASPE-HHS (2007). Involving Health Care Professionals in Teen Pregnancy Prevention . Retrieved on celestial latitude 14, 2007, from ASPE-HHS Web place http//aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/get-organized99/ch10.pdfBlank, L., Goyder, E. & Peters, J. (2003). Teenage pregnancy prevention initiatives in New Deal Communities. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from The University of Sheffield Web website.Center For Maternal And Child Health (2007). Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Web site http//www.fha.state.md.us/mch/html/teenpreg.cfmChildrens Aid Society Carrera (2006). Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Childrens Aid Society Carrera Web site http//www.stopteenpregnancy.com/ourprogram/Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). Principles of Disease Prevention. In Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, New York McGraw-Hill.Davis, L. (2007). Components of promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Web site http//www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/iag/compnent.htmHuberman, B. (2005). National Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Web site.Kohli, V. & Nyberg, K. L. (2007). Teen Pregnancy Prevention through Education. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from California State University Web site.Ontarios Maternal, Newborn and too soon Child Development Resource Centre and the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (2007). Update report onTeen pregnancy prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from OMNECD Web sitePCL (2007). Unplanned Pregnancy Counselling. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from PCL Web site http//www.pcl.org.au/SHPPS (2006). Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from SHPPS Web site.The National Campaign To Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2006). Teen Pregnancy So What? Retrieved on Decemb er 14, 2007, from Teenage Pregnancy.org Web site http//www.teenpregnancy.org/whycare/sowhat.aspUS HHS (2002). Preventing Teenage Pregnancy. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from US HHS Web site http//www.policyalmanac.org/health/archive/hhs_teenage_pregnancy.shtmlWeiss, D. (2007). trim down Teenage Pregnancy. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Planned Parenthood Web sitehttp//www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policyissues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htmUniversity of Richmond (2003). Teenage Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from University of Richmond Web site http//www.solutionsforamerica.org/healthyfam/teenage-pregnancy.html

Patrick Henry Essay

What do you appreciate started the spark for the American Revolution? In the state of Virginia where all the great minds of the quantify met. Our forefathers where at a convention when a speaker of the name Patrick heat content speaks to the great patriots about what they should do about the counterbalance against owing(p) Britain. The audience was full of patriots notwithstanding like Henry that would die for their country in a heartbeat if it was needed to save their freedom and liberty. In a way to persuade the members of the Virginia convention to go to war with Britain Henry uses logical and mad ingatherings. Why do you think Henry begins his speech with the rehearsal Mr. President No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house. But different men often visit the same subject in different lights (101). Here, Patrick Henry is showing that he is true patriot just like the patriot s that argon opposing the same realizes.This could be regarded as a concession to the opposing view that patriotism is important, but also a rejection to the opposing side who may say that only those who are not patriots would fight the British. He is also show respect for those who hold opposite views that he has. The time that the speech took place was when the revolution was coming for the Americans. They knew that war was coming so Henry uses emotional appeal to the convention so that he can get there side on to go to war instead of waiting around and Henry says Their changing may be hear on the plains of capital of Massachusetts The war is inevitable and let it come I repeat, sir, let it come (103). Henry is showing emotional appeal by wanting war to come so they can fight for their freedom. As a patriot he wants what is best for his country and he knows that war is coming.He embraces the war by telling the convention let it come because why wait for a war to happen and for t heir future generations to fight the war for them when it at their door step and as patriots they need react now or never. The Britains are the world power and they controlled the colonies, and the patriots of the 13 original colonies wanted the freedom now, but they were told they are weak. Henry states this to get the hopes up of his fellow patriots. They tell us that we are weak- unable to cope with formidable an competitor but when be strong it will be next month or next twelvemonth (102).He raises the hopes using emotional appeal that they will the war easily because they are patriots and patriots stand up in what they believe in that they needed to be free from Britains Kings, taxes and rules so they could to become stronger. By using emotional and logical appeals Patrick Henry speech to the Virginia Convention he persuades them to go to war with cracking Britain. He does this by making then patriots think about going to war for good reason. He also uses emotional appeals to get on the Convention side in the speech which influence their finding made by the forefathers. If not for this speech we could have all still been ruled by Great Britain.

Art History Study Notes

Art Hist. Review Ancient Greek Art and Arch. (600 BCE-30 BCE) The Early virtuous fulfilment 480-450 BCE 5. 23 KRITIOS BOY Acropolis, A then(prenominal)s 480 BCE -Marble -He is self confident and serious looking -He is a sculpture in the plump out -The artificeist is believed to be KRITIOS -The statue has an S-curve to him and is in the contrapposto pose, which is when artists use tension and relaxation around the commutation axis of rotation of the body to increase to muscular tension and enhance the musculature of a body. It is shown here because his weight is exclusively on the odd foot, ca utilise his hip to jut out.His salutary knee is sparingly bent and he has a slight drop in his berms. -The artist also made a point to restrain his head slightly off to hint that the viewer should take in the entirety of the piece. game Classical Period 450-400 BCE 5. 29 ACROPOLIS, ATHENS 447-432 BCE -In the High classical stop consonant which only lasted a half-century and set the s tandards for art and architecture. in that location was also turmoil between the Spartans and the Athenians in this time period which was referred to as the Peloponnesian War. -Acro substance game school and polis means city. The Acropolis of Athens was once con steadred a fortress and sanctuary but was later turned into a religious and ceremonial centre for genus Athene the cities patron and protector. -It was destroyed by Persian parade in 480 BCE and was going to be left and a memorial site of ruins but Perikles convinced them to remodel it. 5. 31 Parthenon, Acropolis Athens 447-432 BCE -KALLIKRATES AND IKTINOS -Pantelic Marble -Has the pediment, frieze, triglyph, metope, architrive, abacus, mechinus and necking -Athens, Corinth and Sparta. Depicted gods and goddesses who they believed were immortal and supernatural -Sanctuaries for gods and goddesses in form of outdoorsy altersre organized by temples integrated into natural site -temples decorated with ceramic sculptures -mathematical proportions which artists use to convey structure and bon ton 49 ratio 42+1 -human values of truth virtue and union -High classical period -plain capital -temple consecrated to Athena -stylobate floor columns rest on and stereobate foundation itself -post and lintel system -entasis columns slightly swell in the middle -Doric order plain capitals peace, successfulness and power through the building projects -transport wood, silver, marble and ivory -sculptures celebrate the Greek victory oer Persians 5. 32 EAST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON 447-432 BCE (ATHENS) High Classical period 450-400 BCE -Sculpture in the round filled both pediments of the Parthenon -illustrated the birth of Athena, fully grown and garment in armor, from the brow of her father Zeus. -The statues from the west pediment be the best preserved of the cardinal. -be billets Zeus and the bran- parvenueborn Athena be three goddesses followed by a single reclining male figure who could be Diomysos or Herakles. In the left corner was Helios (sun god) in his horse-drawn chariot rising from the sea and to the right the moon god Selene descends in her chariot to the sea. -The running female figure in the center is Iris the messenger of the gods. P. G. 134 SPEAR BEARER (DORYPHOROS) 450-440 BCE (NAPLES) -POLYKLEITOS -Marble -developed canon of proportions system of measurement used to determine the proportions of the body -contropposto pose is residue and counterbalance one(a) foot bearing weight and one not bearing the weight.In this case his right foot is the one bearing all the weight of his body while the left foot is relaxed. -It is say to be the hero Achilles -Theorists believed that the basic unit was the length of the figures index finger or the width of the figures draw across the knuckles others think it was the height of the head from chin to hairline. -S-curve -High classical period -spear be arer, idealized, exaggerated The ripe Classical Period 400-323 BCE 5. 4 6 MAN SCRAPING HIMSELF (APOXYOMENOS) 350-325 (VATICAN) -LYSIPPOS -Marble sculpture -Done in the late classical period male nude athlete, which is a typical Classical subject -This is a sculpture in the round that depicts a young athlete by and by his workout removing dirt and oil from his body with a slit called a strigil. -Has a different canon of proportions than The tool Bearer. -His head is smaller in proportion to The Spear Bearer and his legs are spread further apart to counterbalance his outstretched armor. -There is a pronounced S-curve to his posture. -The arms break free into the surround space inviting the viewer to take in the entirety of the piece. The Early roman type Empire 27 BCE-96 CE P. G. 76-177 ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE 13-9 BCE -Ancient roman art -Dedicated to Augustus triumphant return from the capital after three years of establishing romish rule in Gaul and Hispania. -It was aligned with a giant sundial. -it contained propoganda of portraiture and allegory, rel igion and polotics and the private and the commonplace. -on the inside of the alter there are foliate garlands suspended in swags from ox skulls, which symbolize sacrificial offering at the alter during annual commemorations and garlands signify the continuing peace and prosperity brought to the Roman world by Augustae. Augustaes Imperial Family is depicted on the south side of the genus Ara Pacis and wager his galloped family, possibly Marcus Agrippa (far left) who might make up been his successor. The child pulling at Agrippas scrubs is possibly Agrippas son Gaius Caesar. The women close to Agrippa on the right may be Augustus wife, Livia who grasps her younger sons clear (Germanicus) who is in beside Tiberius (the next emporer). Behind Tiberius is Antonia, Augusts niece who looks at her husband Drusus (Livias younger son). -Pax Romana Roman Peace -pointifex maximushigh priest 6. 34 & 6. 5 FLAVION AMPITHEATER (COLOSSEUM) 70-80 CE (ROME) -Tuscan bottom -Ionic middle -playbo y on top -It was called the colosseum because the statue of Nero called the colossus stood next to it. -seating was by rank demean the rank higher you sat -Early Roman Empire -Flavion dynasty -begun under Vespasian done for(p) under Titus -soldiers would fight animals -tiered seating with good sight lines from where you sit. -Top aim covered by and onning -top story in referred to as attic -cartouche shield shaped ornaments -look at Roman arches High Imperial Art of Trajan and Hadrian 6. 38 MODEL OF IMPERIAL ROME 324 CEColosseum, Temple of Venus and Rome, Arch of Titus, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rorum of Vespasian, meeting place of Augustus, Forum of Julius Ceasar, Rostrum, Forum of Trajan, Basilica Ulpia, Colmn of Trajan, Patheon. 6. 45 THE PANTHEON 118-128 CE (ROME) -It was built for the all the gods -built by Marcus Agrippa son in law of Augustus -it has a giant rotunda surmounted by a huge, bowl-shaped dome. -the oculus that allows light into the rotunda buildin g shows a pattern-like fundamental law when looking up at the coffers in the domes ceiling. -Corinthian columns -optimus is a skylight or enterprisingness in dome corticoid of columns -Exadraie niche for the statues rectilinear and rounded arches -made out of brick and concrete (powdered lime, small rocks, pebbles, rubble) -produced during high imperial period -Hadrian oversaw building of this he admired Greek art and arch. -podium or steps in front of building that lead to porch -Rotunda and dome -Pantheon means all the gods Early deliverymanian Art P. G. 228 quondam(a) ST. PETERS BASILICA 320-327 (ROME) -It is a longitudinal- program church servicees are characterized by a forecourt, the atrium, leading to an entrance porch, the narthex, which spans one of the buildings short ends. The nave can be lit by windows along its upper level just under the clerestories, called a clerestory above the aisles roof. -At the opposite end of the nave from the narthex is a semicircular pro jection, the apse, which functions as the buildings focal point where the alter, raised on a platform. -plan is known as the Latin cross CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA 350 (ROME) -This church is a central-plan church, which were first used by the Christians. -Central planned churches have an atrium, a narthex, and an apse. It has a central more vertical axis from the center up through the dome, which may have functioned as a symbolic vault of heaven. 7. 15 ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA 425-426 (RAVENNA) -It is one of the earliest hold up Christian structures in Ravenna is an oratory, which is a small chapel). -Its named after Honorius half-sister Galla Placidia. -Galla Placidia was the daughter of Western Roman Emperor, the wife of a mediaeval fairy and the mother of Emperor Valentinian. -This small building is cruciform, which means cross-shaped. -Each arm is covered with a Barrel vault and a pendentive dome covers the square base at its center. it is designed to make you tang as though you are walking from the real world to the supernatural world as you walk into the inner(a) of the church. -the upper borders are filled with standing apostles, gesturing like orators. Eternal life in heaven is symbolized by doves extensioning a small fountain between the apostles. -The Marter caries a cross over his shoulder like a trophy gesturing towards the fire-engulfed grill he was roasted on martyrdom. The Gospels are to the left signifying the faith for which he gave his life. 7. 16 THE GOOD SHEPARD 425-426 (RAVENNA) rescuer is an adult emperor wearing purple and property royal robes. He wears a golden annulus and carries a golden staff that ends in a cross to represent his imperial majesty. -Christianity was the official state of religion for the 45 years this is why the artist chose to depict Jesus in the mosaic. Early Byzantine Art 7. 17 CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA 532-537 (ISTANBUL) -ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORUS OF MILETUS -means Holy cognizance -It was rebuilt after a devastating revolt that killed 30,000 people set fire to the old church sunburn it to the ground. -Anthemius and Miletus rebuilt the church in just 5 years longitudinal and central architectural planning -flanking conches-semi domes-extend the extend central space into longitudinal nave with the narthex on one end and the half dome of the sanctuary apse on the other. The core called the naos is flanked by side isles and galleries overlooking the naos. 7. 20 CHURCH OF SAN VITALE 520 (RAVENNA) -Ecclesius bishop of Ravenna commissioned two new churched one for the port and one the city. -A martyrium is a church built over a grave was dedicated to 4th-century Roman martyr St. Vitalis in the 520s -central domed octogon with circular rooms flanking the apse. the church and palace are joined by a separate oval narthex and access to second floor movement. -It has a ikon set of doors leading into the church. 7. 21-7. 22 CHRIST ENTHRONED, FLANKED BY ANGELS, ST. VITALIS AND BISHOP E CCLESIUS 547 ( RAVEENA) -Early Byzantine Art -Christ is flanked by St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius. -Christ appears dressed in imperial purple and enthroned on an orb of paradise, which is evident because of the 4 rivers that flow beneath him. -two winged backers flank him, like imperial bodyguards or attendants. -Christ holds a scroll with 7 seals at his indorsement Coming at the end of time. he offers a crown to martyrdom (far left) labeled by St. Vitalis. -Bishop Eucclesius holds a model of the church offering it to Christ. 7. 23 EMPEROR JUSTINIAN AND HIS ATTENDANTS, NORTH WALL OF APSE 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art -Justinian carries a openhanded golden paten that will be used to hold the Eucharitic Host and stands beside Maximianus, who holds a gold jewel encrust cross. The priests to the right hold carry the Gospels, in a golden beautify book that symbolizes the coming of Word, and a censer with burning incense to purify. 7. 24 EMPRESS THEODORA AND HER ATTENDANTS, SO UTH WALL OF THE APSE 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art Theodora wears a golden halo and elaborate crown while she stands under a fluted shell canopy, she carries a jeweled golden chalice. -The rulers present these gifts as offerings to Christ -At the bottom of Theodoras cloak the three Magi who brought gifts to Jesus are depicted. -Revolves around themes of offering -They stand beside a fountain and the open doorway and curtain are space-creating devices. 7. 35 CHRIST PANTOKRATOR AT CREST OF CENTRAL DOME, WITH SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF CHRIST IN THE PENDENIVES, (GREECE) LATE 11TH hundred -Early Byzantine Art The image of the Pantokrator is at the centre of the dome like a divine surveyor. -Christ blesses the separationism with one hand and clutches a massive book in the other. -In the corners piers are iv luff life episodes Annunciation, Nativity, Baptism and Transfiguration. 14. 13 14. 14 PALACE CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE 792-805 (GERMANY) -The Carolingian Empire Was Charlemagnes pri vate place of worship. -central octagonal plan with a monumental western entrance block. -It used westwork, which is a structure combine with a ground-floor narthex and an upper level throne room that undecided onto the chapel interior. It also opened outside into a large walled forecourt. The core of the chapel is surrounded by and ambulant and a gallery on the second floor which rises to a clerestory under the dome and above the gallery. -There are Corinthian columns on the gallery level. -This chapel was clearly inspired by Byzantine Architecture with the mosaics and patterned multi-colored stone. 14. 16 SAINT GALL PLAN 817 (SWITZERLAND) -The Carolingian Empire -At the center of the Saint Gall Plan is the border, which is an enfold courtyard which opens all the buildings that are most central to the lives of the monks. the large basilican church to the north of the cloister is where monks would gather for communal prayer throughout the day and night. -on the north side of th e church there were public buildings. -the monks living quarters were off to the southern and eastern sides of the cloister with the dormitory, refectory and work rooms. the kitchen, brewery and bakery were attached to the refectory and a huge cellar was on the west side. -Along the East edge there is a hospital, cemetery, and an educational center. 14. 24 DOORS OF BISHOP BERWARD 1015 (GERMANY) -Bronze doors are more than 16 feet tall. Ottonian Europe -cast in the lost wax process -the left side depicted scenes from the Hebrew bible and the right was scenes from the new testament. -It depicts life in paradise, the fall, life in the new world and Eves children on the left and Promise of Return to Paradise, The passion, Infancy of Jesus and bloody shames child on the right. -all depicted in low relief Romanesque Art in the Roman manner P. G. 458 THE PILGRIMAGE ROUTES TO SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA -In the 11th and 12th centuries religious pilgrimage became very popular in Western Europe. 15. 7-8 THE ABBEY AT CLUNY 1088-1130 (FRANCE) in the 2nd half of the 11th century there were 200 monks in residence. -The cloister is at the center of the monastic community joining the church with domestic buildings and workshops. -it had elaborately carve capitals and relief sculptures on the piers. -it may have been to direct and inspire the monks thoughts and prayers. -Cluniac monks observed the traditional 8 hours of the portend Office spread over the day and night. -The church was a basilica with five aisles, double transept with chapels and an ambulatory and radiating chapels around the alter. The nave had a three part elevation -it had pointed arches with Classical ornaments. -there were clerestory windows in each bay and a pointed quantityrel vault with transverse arches. 15. 9 -10 NAVE, ABBEY CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME, FONTENAY 1139-1147 founded by St. Bernard of Clairvaux no interior decoration because he believed it would be a distraction to the monks Cistercians led a very austere wide-eyed life Romanesque means in the Rome manner Feudalism lords owned lands loaned to Basils and bellow Basils were Peasants Building has simplicity, asceticism Windows symbolize the holy trinity- father, son and the holy ghost Cloister is where the monks gathered Simple geometric plan with a long bay-divided nave, rectangular chapels off the square ended transept arms and a shallow choir. There are pointed barrel vaults over the nave and pointed arches in the nave arcade and side isle bays. 15. 22 SOUTH gate AND PORCH, SHOWING CHRIST IN MAJESTY, PRIORY CHURCH OF SAINT-PIERRE, MOISSAC 1115 (FRANCE) -Christ in Majesty dominates the tympanum and is a visual of the Second Coming in chapters 4 and 5 of the Revelation. He is enclosed by a mandorla and a halo rings his head -the four winged creatures symbolize the evangelists, Matthew the man, Mark the lion, Luke the ox and John the eagle. -rippling bands may represent waves in the sea of class like crystal THE L AST JUDGMENT TYMPANUM AT AUTUN 1120- 1130 (FRANCE) -GISLEBERTUS -Inscription in Latin on Christ -bloody shame is enthroned as ottoman of heaven and St. Peter bellow is shown with the large keys slung over his shoulder as heavenly gatekeeper. -angel pushes the saved into open archway and into heaven another figure stands beside the angel impatiently waiting to be hoisted up as well. cross and scallop shell identify two bottom figures as former pilgrims and will be a factor in their favor at the last judgment. -hell is represented as a Basilica with the devil emerging capturing sinners for eternal torment -he uses a sharp hook to capture luxuria who is the personification for lust. Gothic Art of the 12th and 13th Centuries 16. 6 WEST FACADE, CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1134-1260 (FRANCE) -dedicated to the virgin bloody shame its main treasure is a piece of cloth utter to have been worn by the Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. -It was a gift from Byzantine Empress Irene to Charlemagne surrounding the three doors is the Royal Portal used for important ceremonial entrances -the middle tympanum Christ enthroned in majesty returns at the end of time surrounded by 4 evangelists. The apostles in 4 groups of 3 fill the litel while 24 elders of the Apocalypse line the archivolts. -The right portal is dedicated to the Incarnation and shows Mary in the early life of Christ -in the left portal is the Ascension where Jesus floats up in a cloud supported by angels. -On the top of the three portals Jesus life on man is depicted in a series of narrative scenes. Kings, Queens and prophets from the Hebrew bible are what strive the Royal Portal its name. 16. 10-11 NAVE & PLAN,CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1194 (FRANCE) -Romanesque pilgrimage plan -became typical Gothic structure -it used pointed arches, knit groin vaults and flying buttresses. -upper level was now a triform rather than a gallery -the large clerestory windows are formed with lancets that have small circular rose windows d one by plate tracery-holes uprise in wall replaced with dye glass 16. 12 THE GOOD SAMARITAN WINDOW 1200-1210 (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL) -On sin and salvation and is Gothic narrative art -Jesus told his followers to teach a moral truth it is a parody for Jesus redemption for humanitys sins -Adam and Eves fall introduce sin into the world and Christ rescues humanity from sin -figures characterize gothic figures because of their dancelike postures 16. 13 ROSE WINDOW AND LANCETS (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL FRANCE) 1230-1235 -quatrefoils are four lobed designs within the rose itself The North Rose and its five lancet windows were a gift from Queen Blanche of Castille in 1230. -The rose window depicts the Glorification of the Virgin Virgin and tiddler surrounded by doves and angels, then Old Testament kings and Old Testament prophets. Lancets, from left to right Melchizadek and King Saul King David and King Jeroboam St Anne and the infant Mary with the arms of the Royal House of France King Solomon and King Nebuchadezzar Aaron and Pharaoh. 16. 14-17 THE CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE-DAME IN REIMS 1211-1428 (FRANCE) -finished under Philip the Fair -five master masons directed the work over a century. -Mary is featured in the central portal, because of the growing popularity of her cult. -Christ crowns her as queen of heaven in the central gable. -the gallery of kinds is the only horizontal gene of the facade.WEST FACADE -It depicts Visitation and Mary on the left and Elizabeth pregnant with St. John the Baptist on the right. -the figures are in contrapposto pose because their weight is shifted to one foot as they turn towards each other. -Villard highlighted an innovation that was the development of bar tracery, where thin stone bars called mullions are inserted into the wall to form a lacy framework for the stained glass. 16. 31-32 PULPIT 1260 (ITALY) -NCOLA PISANO Corinthian columns -elevated and are carven in design of animals -gothic trefoil arch and 6 sided tree stump enunciation angle of Gabriel announces that Mary is pregnant with Christ -classical and naturalistic style -New Testament Subjects -Each panel narrates several(prenominal) continuous scenes such as Annunciation, Nativity and Adoration of the Shepherds. 16. 33 NATIVITY 1302-1310 (PISA) -GIOVANNI PISANO deeply carved setting -Mary gazing at her baby as the midwife below her prepares the bath for the child. -Sheep, shepherds and angels spiral up towards the trees to the right -it is as dynamic as Nicolas is static. Fourth Century Art in Europe 17. 5 gross(a) AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1280 (FLORENCE) -CIMABUE -tempera and gold on wood panel the Virgin and Child are surrounded by angels and places a row of Hebrew prophets below them. -Mary is depicted in hierarchy and holds Jesus on her lap. she looks at the viewer while gesturing at her son. -her throne is bronze with enamels and gems inset and provides framework for the figures. He uses thin gold lines to highlight the drapery of the figures to gi ve them a sense of divinity. -he gives naturalistic warmth and dimension to his human figures. 17. 6 VIRGIN AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1305-1310 (FLORENCE) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE tempera and gold on wood panel -painted for the church of Ognissanti figures are in a symmetrical composition and use the hierarchy scale like Cimabues Virgin and Child Enthroned. -Mary takes up a large amount of space and overwhelms her Gothic throne. -the halos also overlap the faces of the figures in the minimise -she holds her childs leg instead of pointing to him. -he has created a better sense of dimension compared to Cimabues -the angels are foreshortened and project towards us. 17. 7 SCROVEGNI (ARENA) CHAPEL 1305-1306 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -he covered the entrance wall with The Last Judgment and the sanctuary wall with 3 scenes from the life of Christ. The Annunciation spreads over two painted architectural frameworks on either side of the opening to the sanctuary. -below and to the left of this is the scene of Judas getting payment for betraying Jesus and to the right the scene of Visitation where Mary pregnant with God is with Elisabeth who is pregnant with John the Baptist. -Colors complement each other, which is supposed to make the viewers touch them to each other -there is a grisaille which is a painting done in all grays -paint replicated marble and carved medallions on vertical bands -portrait disks float like glowing moons in the blue sky. 17. MARRIAGE AT CANA, raising OF LAZARUS, LAMENTATION AND RESURRECTION/NOLI ME TANGERE 1305-06 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -scene from Christs life -top left Jesus performs his first miracle, at the wedding spreadhead at Cana turning water to wine and the wine-steward sips it. -to the right is the Raising of Lazarus where figures twist in space using gestures they react to the drama by pleading for the help of Jesus. Jesus eyes are locked on Lazarus. -on the lower left register is Jesuss followers grieving over his dea d body in a circle of grief. Mary holds her dead son and John flings his arms back in despondency and hunches over the corps. 7. 9 KISS OF JUDAS SCROVEGNI (ARENA) ITALY 1305-06 -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco the mark of betrayal that shows the first step to Crucifixion for Jesus. -they are slightly off-center in the foreground. -Judas wears the same outfit as in the scene of payment for his betrayal and looks as though he completely swallows Christs body. -faces glare from all directions -Jesus is calm unlike the figures in the rest of the scene. -Peter is seen lunging forward to cut off the ear of a member of the arresting retinue. -The scenes of cloth nip the chaos into the picture as if to protect the viewer.